Data Products
GRACEnet
GRACEnet (Greenhouse gas Reductions through Agricultural Carbon Enhancement network) is a contribution of field experiments led by USDA-ARS scientists across 19 states in the USA. All data reported are obtained following standardized protocols for soil, trace gas, and plant sampling. Soil carbon and/or GHG emissions data are collected for agricultural systems under a “business as usual” management and at least one the following additional scenarios: a system that maximizes C sequestration; a system that minimizes GHG emissions; or a system that maximizes environmental benefits by improving water, air, and soil quality. The available data spans 29 tables describing experimental design, management information, and collected measurements for these field experiments across 19 states in the USA.
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Citation: S. J. Del Grosso et al., “Introducing the GRACEnet/REAP Data Contribution, Discovery, and Retrieval System,” J. Environ. Qual., vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 1274–1280, Jul. 2013, doi: 10.2134/jeq2013.03.0097
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Dataset DOI: 10.15482/USDA.ADC/1235557
License: CC0 1.0 DEED, CC0 1.0 Universal
Number of sites: 57
Number of observations: 235,848/519,623
Temporal extent: 1981-2016
Land use available: Cropland; Grazeland
File format: .csv
Number of files in the dataset: 33
Dataset size: 363 MB
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Terra, J. A., J. N. Shaw, D. W. Reeves, R. L. Raper, E. Van Santen, and P. L. Mask. "Soil carbon relationships with terrain attributes, electrical conductivity, and a soil survey in a coastal plain landscape." Soil science 169, no. 12 (2004): 819-831.
Balkcom, K. S., J. A. Terra, J. N. Shaw, D. W. Reeves, and R. L. Raper. "Soil management system and landscape position interactions on nutrient distribution in a Coastal Plain field." Journal of soil and water conservation 60, no. 6 (2005): 431-437.
Terra, J. A., D. W. Reeves, J. N. Shaw, and R. L. Raper. "Impacts of landscape attributes on carbon sequestration during the transition from conventional to conservation management practices on a Coastal Plain field." Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 60, no. 6 (2005): 438-446.
Gacengo, Catherine N., Charles Wesley Wood, Joey N. Shaw, Randy L. Raper, and Kipling S. Balkcom. "Agroecosystem management effects on greenhouse gas emissions across a coastal plain catena." Soil science 174, no. 4 (2009): 229-237.
Kelton, J.A., A.J. Price, E. Van Santen, K.S. Balkcom, F.J. Arriaga, and J.N. Shaw. 2011. Weed seed bank density and composition in a tillage and landscape variability study. Communications in Biometry and Crop Science 6:21-30.
Kelton, Jessica A., Andrew J. Price, Edzard van Santen, Kipling S. Balkcom, Francisco J. Arriaga, and Joey N. Shaw. "Weed seed bank density and composition in a tillage and landscape variability study." (2011).
Halvorson, Ardell D., Catherine E. Stewart, and Stephen J. Del Grosso. "Manure and inorganic nitrogen affect irrigated corn yields and soil properties." Agronomy Journal 108, no. 2 (2016): 519-531.
Cushing, Judith B., Nicole E. Kaplan, Christine Laney, Juli Mallett, Ken Ramsey, Kristin Vanderbilt, Lee Zeman et al. "Integrating Ecological Data: Notes from the Grasslands ANPP Data Integration Project." In Proceedings of the Ecoinformatics Conference Service, Environmental Information Management. 2008.
Vanderbilt, Kristin, Judith Cushing, Jincheng Gao, Nicole Kaplan, Judith Kruger, Carri Leroy, Juli Mallett, Ken Ramsey, and Lee Zeman. "Data integration challenges: an example from the International Long-Term Ecological Research Network (ILTER)." Ecological Circuits 2 (2009): 12-13.
Stott, Diane E., Virginia L. Jin, Thomas F. Ducey, Douglas L. Karlen, Gary E. Varvel, J. M. Johnson, J. M. Baker et al. "Influence of corn stover harvest on soil quality assessments at multiple locations across the US." In ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting Abstracts. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting Abstracts, 2012.
Archer, D.W., Liebig, M.A., Kronberg, S.L. 2013. Short-term crop production and economic returns for biofeedstock removal under dryland cropping. Soil Science Society of America Abstracts. Paper No 152-2.
Liebig, M.A., Archer, D.W., Kronberg, S.L. 2013. Short-term soil responses to biofeedstock removal under dryland cropping. Soil Science Society of America Abstracts. Paper No 151-2.
Vivas, Hugo S. Tillage treatment effects on soil physical characteristics of Wymore silty clay loam. MS Thesis. University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska. 1982.
Power, J.F., Mielke, L.N., Wilhelm, W.W., Doran, J.W., and Gilley, J.E. Crop residue management and the soil environment. p. 1398-1399. In Trans., XIII Cong., Int. Soc. Soil Sci., Hamburg, West Germany, Aug. 13-20. 1986.
Schepers, J. S., J. W. Doran, L. N. Mielke, W. W. Wilhelm, and J. R. Ellis. "Tillage effects on soil properties under corn production in the midwest." Soil and Tillage Research 8 (1986): 334.
Baumert-Powers, Julie L. "Soybean development and production under three tillage methods." PhD diss., University of Nebraska--Lincoln, 1989.
Calvo, Guillermo A. "Influence of four tillage methods and two cropping sequences on soil structure as a function of time." (1991).
Liebig, Mark A. "Controlled wheel traffic effects on soil properties in ridge till." (1992).
Wicherek, Stanislas, ed. Farm Land Erosion: In Temperate Plains Environments and Hills. Elsevier, 2012.
Varvel, G.E. 1994. Rotation and nitrogen fertilization effects on changes in soil carbon and nitrogen. Better Crops with Plant Food. Summer 78:16-17.
Eghball, B., Ferguson, R.B., Varvel, G.E., Hergert, G.W., and Gotway, C.A. 1997. Fractal characterization of spatial and temporal variability in site-specific and long-term studies. p. 339-348. In Fractal Frontiers. M. M. Novak and T. G. Dewey (eds.).
Liebig, Mark A., Gary Varvel, and John Doran. "A simple performance‐based index for assessing multiple agroecosystem functions." Agronomy Journal 93, no. 2 (2001): 313-318.
Lehman RM and Osborne SL. 2011. Greenhouse gas fluxes from upper Midwest corn as mediated by rotation. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meetings, San Antonio, TX, Oct. 16-19, 2011.
Hammerbeck, A., Osborne, S.L., Stetson, S.J., Schumacher, T., Pikul, J.L. 2012. Corn residue removal impact on soil aggregate distribution and particulate organic matter. In: A. Schlegel and H.D. Bond (ed.) Proc. Great Plains Soil Fertility Conf. 14:252-257
Global Soil Carbon Fractions: Regenerative + Conventional Croplands
This dataset is a collection of results from studies investigating the response of SOC pools to three soil management practices: tillage, cropping intensification, and integrated crop-livestock. Selected research was found on the Web of Science and Agricultural Online Access Database (AGRICOLA) and screened based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Additional criteria included required peer-reviewed, primary literature, measurements of SOC that were or could be combined to POC and MAOM, measurements of the response of POC and/or MAOM to soil management intervention with a control not treated with that intervention, and experimental treatments that included at least one of the soil management practices of interest. Studies where the treatment of interest was not isolated within the experimental design were excluded.
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Citation: A. M. Prairie, A. E. King, and M. F. Cotrufo, “Restoring particulate and mineral-associated organic carbon through regenerative agriculture,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., vol. 120, no. 21, p. e2217481120, May 2023, doi: 10.1073/pnas.2217481120
Dataset DOI: doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22688191.v2
License: CC BY 4.0 DEED Attribution 4.0 International
Number of sites: 142
Number of observations: 1250
Temporal extent: 1992-2020
Land use available: Cropland
File format: .csv
Number of files in the dataset: 2
Dataset size: 893 KB
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Dataset DOI: doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22688191.v2
License: CC BY 4.0 DEED Attribution 4.0 International
Number of sites: 142
Number of observations: 1250
Temporal extent: 1992-2020
Land use available: Cropland
File format: .csv
Number of files in the dataset: 2
Dataset size: 893 KB
Global Soil Carbon Fractions: Managed and Unmanaged Ecosystems
This dataset combined collection of SOC fractions data (POC and MAOC) from published studies and additional generated data from NEON “megapit” soil samples. Literature review was conducted on Google Scholar and included data from observational studies and control plots of relevant field studies. Data from agricultural systems contain information for treatments to account for different management practices across landscapes. Soil samples from NEON “megapits” were collected from large, temporary soil pits dug to either 2m depth or bedrock at each of NEON’s 47 terrestrial research sites (insert link to NEON sites) for each SOC fraction (POC and MAOC) as well as bulk SOC.
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Citation: P. M. Hansen, R. Even, A. E. King, J. Lavallee, M. Schipanski, and M. F. Cotrufo, “Distinct, direct and climate‐mediated environmental controls on global particulate and mineral‐associated organic carbon storage,” Glob. Change Biol., vol. 30, no. 1, p. e17080, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1111/gcb.17080
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Baisden, W. T., R. Amundson, A. C. Cook, and D. L. Brenner. "Turnover and storage of C and N in five density fractions from California annual grassland surface soils." Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16, no. 4 (2002): 64-1.
Berhe, Asmeret Asefaw, Jennifer W. Harden, Margaret S. Torn, Markus Kleber, Sarah D. Burton, and John Harte. "Persistence of soil organic matter in eroding versus depositional landform positions." Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 117, no. G2 (2012).
Conen, Franz, Michael Zimmermann, Jens Leifeld, Barbara Seth, and Christine Alewell. "Relative stability of soil carbon revealed by shifts in δ 15 N and C: N ratio." Biogeosciences 5, no. 1 (2008): 123-128.
Dutta, Koushik, E. A. G. Schuur, J. C. Neff, and S. A. Zimov. "Potential carbon release from permafrost soils of Northeastern Siberia." Global Change Biology 12, no. 12 (2006): 2336-2351.
Guggenberger, G., Bent Tolstrup Christensen, and W. Zech. "Land‐use effects on the composition of organic matter in particle‐size separates of soil: I. Lignin and carbohydrate signature." European journal of soil Science 45, no. 4 (1994): 449-458.
Guibert, Hervé, Paul Fallavier, and Jean‐José Roméro. "Carbon content in soil particle size and consequence on cation exchange capacity of alfisols." Communications in soil science and plant analysis 30, no. 17-18 (1999): 2521-2537.
Schmidt, M. W. I., and Ingrid Kögel‐Knabner. "Organic matter in particle‐size fractions from A and B horizons of a Haplic Alisol." European Journal of Soil Science 53, no. 3 (2002): 383-391.
Schulten, H‐R., P. Leinweber, and C. Sorge. "Composition of organic matter in particle‐size fractions of an agricultural soil." Journal of soil science 44, no. 4 (1993): 677-691.
Sleutel, Steven, Stefaan De Neve, B. Singier, and Georges Hofman. "Organic C levels in intensively managed arable soils–long‐term regional trends and characterization of fractions." Soil Use and Management 22, no. 2 (2006): 188-196.
Balesdent, John, E. Besnard, Dominique Arrouays, and C. Chenu. "The dynamics of carbon in particle-size fractions of soil in a forest-cultivation sequence." Plant and soil 201 (1998): 49-57.
Harden, Jennifer Willa. Soils developed in granitic alluvium near Merced, California. No. 1590-A. USGPO,, 1987.
Harden, J. W., T. L. Fries, and M. J. Pavich. "Cycling of beryllium and carbon through hillslope soils in Iowa." Biogeochemistry 60 (2002): 317-336.
Heckman, Katherine Ann. Pedogenesis & carbon dynamics across a lithosequence under ponderosa pine. The University of Arizona, 2010.
Heckman, Katherine, Corey R. Lawrence, and Jennifer W. Harden. "A sequential selective dissolution method to quantify storage and stability of organic carbon associated with Al and Fe hydroxide phases." Geoderma 312 (2018): 24-35.
Hatton, Pierre-Joseph, Markus Kleber, Bernd Zeller, Christophe Moni, Alain F. Plante, Kimberly Townsend, Louisette Gelhaye, Kate Lajtha, and Delphine Derrien. "Transfer of litter-derived N to soil mineral–organic associations: evidence from decadal 15N tracer experiments." Organic Geochemistry 42, no. 12 (2012): 1489-1501.
Lybrand, Rebecca A., Katherine Heckman, and Craig Rasmussen. "Soil organic carbon partitioning and Δ 14 C variation in desert and conifer ecosystems of southern Arizona." Biogeochemistry 134 (2017): 261-277.
Khomo, Lesego, Susan Trumbore, Carleton R. Bern, and Oliver A. Chadwick. "Timescales of carbon turnover in soils with mixed crystalline mineralogies." Soil 3, no. 1 (2017): 17-30.
Li, Yiqing, Ming Xu, Xiaoming Zou, Peijun Shi, and Yaoqi Zhang. "Comparing soil organic carbon dynamics in plantation and secondary forest in wet tropics in Puerto Rico." Global Change Biology 11, no. 2 (2005): 239-248.
Marín-Spiotta, Erika, Christopher W. Swanston, Margaret S. Torn, Whendee L. Silver, and Sarah D. Burton. "Chemical and mineral control of soil carbon turnover in abandoned tropical pastures." Geoderma 143, no. 1-2 (2008): 49-62.
Mosier, Samantha, Steven Apfelbaum, Peter Byck, Francisco Calderon, Richard Teague, Ry Thompson, and M. Francesca Cotrufo. "Adaptive multi-paddock grazing enhances soil carbon and nitrogen stocks and stabilization through mineral association in southeastern US grazing lands." Journal of Environmental Management 288 (2021): 112409.
Rasmussen, Craig, and David A. White. "Vegetation effects on soil organic carbon quality in an arid hyperthermic ecosystem." Soil science 175, no. 9 (2010): 438-446.
Rasmussen, Craig, Heather Throckmorton, Garrett Liles, Katherine Heckman, Stephen Meding, and William R. Horwath. "Controls on soil organic carbon partitioning and stabilization in the California Sierra Nevada." Soil Systems 2, no. 3 (2018): 41.
Santos, Rafael S., Martin Wiesmeier, Dener MS Oliveira, Jorge L. Locatelli, Matheus SC Barreto, José AM Demattê, and Carlos EP Cerri. "Conversion of Brazilian savannah to agricultural land affects quantity and quality of labile soil organic matter." Geoderma 406 (2022): 115509.
Schrumpf, Marion, K. Kaiser, Georg Guggenberger, T. Persson, I. Kögel-Knabner, and E-D. Schulze. "Storage and stability of organic carbon in soils as related to depth, occlusion within aggregates, and attachment to minerals." Biogeosciences 10, no. 3 (2013): 1675-1691.
Schuur, Edward AG, Oliver A. Chadwick, and Pamela A. Matson. "Carbon cycling and soil carbon storage in mesic to wet Hawaiian montane forests." Ecology 82, no. 11 (2001): 3182-3196.
Riggs, Charlotte E., Sarah E. Hobbie, Elizabeth M. Bach, Kirsten S. Hofmockel, and Clare E. Kazanski. "Nitrogen addition changes grassland soil organic matter decomposition." Biogeochemistry 125 (2015): 203-219.
Gutiérrez del Arroyo, Omar, and Whendee L. Silver. "Disentangling the long‐term effects of disturbance on soil biogeochemistry in a wet tropical forest ecosystem." Global Change Biology 24, no. 4 (2018): 1673-1684.
Sollins, Phillip, Christopher Swanston, Markus Kleber, Timothy Filley, Marc Kramer, Susan Crow, Bruce A. Caldwell, Kate Lajtha, and Richard Bowden. "Organic C and N stabilization in a forest soil: evidence from sequential density fractionation." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38, no. 11 (2006): 3313-3324.
Trumbore, Susan E. "Comparison of carbon dynamics in tropical and temperate soils using radiocarbon measurements." Global Biogeochemical Cycles 7, no. 2 (1993): 275-290.
Wagai, Rota, Masako Kajiura, Maki Asano, and Syuntaro Hiradate. "Nature of soil organo-mineral assemblage examined by sequential density fractionation with and without sonication: Is allophanic soil different?." Geoderma 241 (2015): 295-305.
Hall, Steven J., Gavin McNicol, Taichi Natake, and Whendee L. Silver. "Large fluxes and rapid turnover of mineral-associated carbon across topographic gradients in a humid tropical forest: insights from paired 14 C analysis." Biogeosciences 12, no. 8 (2015): 2471-2487.
Gentsch, Norman, Birgit Wild, Robert Mikutta, Petr Čapek, Katka Diáková, Marion Schrumpf, Stephanie Turner et al. "Temperature response of permafrost soil carbon is attenuated by mineral protection." Global Change Biology 24, no. 8 (2018): 3401-3415.
Sollins, Phillip, Christopher Swanston, Markus Kleber, Timothy Filley, Marc Kramer, Susan Crow, Bruce A. Caldwell, Kate Lajtha, and Richard Bowden. "Organic C and N stabilization in a forest soil: evidence from sequential density fractionation." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38, no. 11 (2006): 3313-3324.
Kondo, Miyuki, Masao Uchida, and Yasuyuki Shibata. "Radiocarbon-based residence time estimates of soil organic carbon in a temperate forest: Case study for the density fractionation for Japanese volcanic ash soil." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 268, no. 7-8 (2010): 1073-1076.
Global Time-Series Soil Carbon for DAYCENT and MEMS
This dataset was collected and curated by researchers at CSU to develop and parameterize the DAYCENT and MEMS models. Data come from 58 experimental field sites across the globe with rich historical data and repeated soil carbon measurements. This dataset has not been published in its entirety, although many datapoints are published across the literature as separate studies and publications.
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Dataset DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10182813
License: CC BY 4.0 DEED Attribution 4.0 International
Number of sites: 149
Number of observations: 2998
Temporal extent: 1949-2018
Land use available: Cropland; Grazeland; Grassland; Shrubland; Forest; Wetland; Tundra; Urban; Bare; Other
File format: .csv
Number of files in the dataset: 2
Dataset size: 3.14 MB
Global N₂O Database
There are hundreds of sites globally that have N₂O emission data. However, methods vary across sites with a large variety of systems being examined. The Global N₂O Database was created to serve as a repository for these datasets as well as become a resource for publicly available data. These datasets have been joined in data sheets that use the same formatting, allowing for easy access and comparison of data sets. We hope that this data availability will lead to improvements in N₂O understanding and mitigation.
Global SOC: Grassland Management
This dataset is a synthesis of grassland ecosystem research investigating the influence of management and land use conversion on soil carbon. Included studies must have been designed so that management was the primary factor influencing soil carbon. A variety of management practices were reported, including fertilization, intensity of grazing management, introduction of earthworms, introduction of legumes and grasses, and irrigation.
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